سوخت دیزل (مخصوص )موتورهای کامینز (2)

Proper Fuel for Cummins Engines 

considered experimental and is not covered by warranty. Engine damage, service issues, or

performance problems that occur due to the use of these products are not considered a defect

in material or workmanship as supplied by Cummins Inc. and can not be compensated under

the Cummins® warranty.

Additives

This section gives information on the use of fuel additives in Cummins® engines, including

water emulsifiers.

Cummins Inc. neither approves nor disapproves of the use of any fuel additive, fuel

extender, fuel system modification, or the use of any device not manufactured or sold

by Cummins Inc. or its subsidiaries. Engine damage, service issues, or performance

problems that occur due to the use of these products are not considered a defect in material

or workmanship as supplied by Cummins Inc. and can not be compensated under the

Cummins® warranty.

Fuel Additives

Cummins Inc. engines are designed, developed, rated, and built to operate on commercially

available diesel fuel as listed in the Required Diesel Fuel Specifications; therefore, it is not our

policy to recommend fuel additives.

In certain situations, when available fuels are of poor quality or problems exist which are

peculiar to certain operations, additives can be used. However, Cummins Inc. recommends

consultation with the fuel supplier or the Cummins® Service Engineering Department prior to

the use of fuel additives.

Among the situations where additives can prove useful are the following:  A cetane improver additive can be used with low cetane fuels. 

A pour point depressant or flow improver additive can help with high pour point fuels. 

A wax crystal modifier can help with fuels with high cold filter plugging points (CFPP). 

An anti-icer can help prevent ice formation in wet fuel during cold weather. 

An anti-oxidant or storage stability additive can help with fuel system deposits and poor

storage stability. 

A lubricity enhancer can be used to increase the lubricity of fuels so that they meet the

requirements given in Table 1. 

A biocide or fungicide can help when fuels are prone to contamination with bacteria or fungus.

Although other additives can provide some performance benefits, Cummins Filtration™

Microbicide (quart - CC2661 and gallon - CC2663) are the only products approved by

Cummins Inc. to treat fuels with biological contamination problems. 

Cummins® Filtration Turbo Diesel All Season Fuel Additive (pint - CC2588) can be used with

low cetane fuels to boost cetane values. Although other additives are available that will boost

the cetane number, Cummins® Filtration All Season Fuel Additive is the only diesel fuel

additive approved by Cummins Inc. for cetane number improvement. 

Cummins Filtration™ Asphaltene Conditioner Base (pint - CC2598, quart - CC2597, 5 gallons

- CC2549, and 55 gallons - CC2550) and Asphaltene Conditioner Concentrate (2.5 gallons -

CC2596, Bulk - CC2559) or Cummins Filtration™ Turbocharger Diesel All Season Fuel

Additive (pint - CC2588), can be used to clean carbon deposits from injectors and improve

lubricity in fuels that fall below the recommended lubricity specification in Table 1. Although

other additives can provide some performance benefits, Cummins Filtration™ Asphaltene

Conditioner, and Turbo Diesel All Season Fuel Additive are the only diesel fuel additives

approved by Cummins Inc. for use with fuels that do not meet the lubricity specification in

Table 1. 

Cummins Filtration™n Winter Conditioner Base (pint - CC2591, quart - CC2592, 5 gallons -

CC2593, 55 gallons - CC2594, and Bulk - CC2590), Winter Conditioner Concentrate (5

gallons - CC2552, 55 gallons - CC2553, and Bulk - CC2554), and Turbocharger Diesel All

Season Fuel additive (pint - CC2588) can be used to improve the pour point and cold filter

plugging point of diesel fuels in addition to preventing ice formation in wet fuels during cold

storage. Although other additives are available that can provide some winter performance

benefits, Cummins Filtration™ Winter Conditioner and Turbo Diesel All Season Fuel Additive

are the only diesel fuel additives approved by Cummins Inc. for winter performance

improvements. 

Cummins Filtration™ Platinum Plus DFX Fuel Borne Catalyst can be used to enhance fuel

economy and improve the performance of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst and Catalyzed Wire Mesh

Filters. Additionally, Platinum Plus DFX lowers the temperature at which soot captured in

emission control systems will oxidize. Platinum Plus DFX is available in various package sizes

(gallons - CC2767, 5 gallons - CC2766, and 55 gallons - CC2771). Cummins Filtration™

Platinum Plus DFX-DPF Fuel Borne Catalyst (gallons - CC2773, and 5 gallons - CC2772) can

be used with passive regenerated, high efficiency wall flow Diesel Particulate Filter systems. It

is specially formulated to enhance fuel economy, reduce Diesel Particulate Filter regeneration

temperatures, and further reduce particulate matter. Although other additives are available

that can provide some performance benefits, Cummins Filtration™ Platinum Plus DFX and

Platinum Plus DFX-DPF Fuel Borne Catalyst are the only diesel fuel additives approved by

Cummins Inc. for use in reducing regeneration temperatures and/or reducing particulate

matter.

 

Cummins Filtration™ offers lubricity enhancing fuel filters that can improve the lubricity of fuels

that fall below the recommended lubricity specification given in Table 1. The following filters are required by Cummins Inc. when the corresponding engine is operated using low lubricity

fuels such as Jet A or JP8. 

Filter Fuel System Compatibility Engine Compatibility 

FS20000 Rotary Fuel Systems B Series - Tier II Industrial 

FS20022 Common Rail B Series - Tier III Industrial and Marine 

FS20023 Common Rail C and L Series - Tier III Industrial 

If deposits are found in critical components of the fuel system, and an engine meets three or

more of the following conditions, a fuel detergent additive is required to improve the

dispersancy of the fuel. 

The engine is used in a hybrid power train. 

The average vehicle speed is 11 km/hr [7 mi/hr] or less. 

The engine exhaust is equipped with a diesel particulate filter. 

The fuel used is 50 percent, or more, diesel number 1 (D1). 

Premium diesel fuels can possibly contain several additives that can accomplish the same as

buying additives and adding them to lower quality diesel fuel.

Cummins Inc. recommends the use of a premium diesel fuel during winter (ambient conditions

at -7°C [20°F] or below) operating conditions.

CAUTION 

Over use of fuel additives can cause adverse effects such as fuel filter plugging and reduced

aftertreatment life. 

Great care must be exercised in the choice and use of additives. Some fuel additives can be

harmful to the engine. Fuel additives containing ash forming materials will cause combustion

chamber deposits. Most legitimate fuel additives perform only one function. Multifunctional fuel

additives are mixtures of several additives. All fuel additives perform differently in different

fuels; therefore, the additive used must be one to which the fuel will respond. There are no

known additives that increase the power or improve the efficiency of a properly maintained

engine.

NOTE: Cummins Inc. accepts no liability for engine damage resulting from the use of fuel

additives which are not specifically approved. Consult your fuel supplier for guidance on

additive use.

Water-Emulsions

Fuel Characteristics - Water-emulsified diesel fuel is an alternative fuel that is made by

blending water and other additives (e.g. detergents) into diesel fuel.

Emissions - Water-emulsified diesel fuels have been verified by EPA and some state agencies

as an emissions reduction technology.

Cummins Inc. does not certify engines with water-emulsified fuels. Cummins Inc. does not

warranty any emissions improvements with the use of water-emulsified fuels.

Performance Issues - Water emulsified fuels have lower energy content than Number 2 diesel

fuel. Customers must expect at least a 15 percent power reduction and a 15 percent fuel

consumption increase when water-emulsified fuels are used. Because of the lower energy content in water-emulsified diesel fuels, engines running on water-emulsified diesel fuels can

require idle governor adjustments to prevent engine stalling.

Durability Issues - Many fuel system components in Cummins® engines are made of materials

that are susceptible to corrosion from water in fuel. Prolonged exposure to water in fuel can

result in fuel system component failures from corrosion.

Vehicle System Issues - Some water-emulsified diesel fuel suppliers recommend the removal

of the fuel water separator from the vehicle's fuel system. Removal of the fuel-water separator

violates Cummins Inc. engine installation requirements.

Since water is a significant component of water-emulsified diesel fuels, conductivity sensors

that detect water in fuel will not function properly with water-emulsified diesel fuels.

Some water-emulsified diesel fuels use a surfactant in the emulsifier. Surfactants can strip the

fuel tank and fuel lines of deposits, resulting in fuel filter plugging. Fuel filters must be

monitored closely during the initial use of water-emulsified diesel fuels.

Water-emulsified diesel fuels can not remain static for more than a month in storage or in

vehicle fuel tanks. Most water-emulsified diesel fuel storage facilities are required to have

circulation pumps for daily or weekly agitation. Engines operating on water-emulsified diesel

fuel must be operating for at least 15 minutes every 30 days to avoid fuel-water separation in

the vehicle fuel tank and in the engine fuel system.

Cummins Inc. Engine Warranty - Cummins Inc. engine warranty covers failures that are a

result of defects in material or factory workmanship. Engine damage, service issues, and/or

performance issues determined by Cummins Inc. to be caused by the use of water-emulsified

diesel fuel are not considered to be defects in material or workmanship and are not covered

under Cummins Inc. engine warranty.

Some water-emulsified fuel suppliers provide a comprehensive warranty for fuel system

failures caused by the use of water-emulsified diesel fuel. Customers are encouraged to

contact the water-emulsified diesel fuel supplier to determine the warranty provisions.

Biodiesel Fuel

Cummins Inc. certifies its engines using the prescribed EPA and European Certification Fuels.

Cummins Inc. does not certify engines on any other fuel. It is the user's responsibility to use

the correct fuel as recommended by the manufacturer and allowed by EPA or other local

regulatory agencies. In the United States, EPA allows only registered fuels and fuel additives

to be entered into commerce. EPA has additional alternative fuel information at:

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm

 

Biodiesel Terminology

Biofuels - Fuels produced from renewable resources. 

Biodiesel - A fuel comprised of methyl or ethyl ester-based oxygenates of long chain fatty

acids derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, and cooking oils.

These fuels are commonly known as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) or Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE). Biodiesel properties are similar to those of diesel fuel, as opposed to gasoline

or gaseous fuels, and thus are capable of being used in compression ignition engines. 

B100 - A fuel containing 100 percent biodiesel. 

Petrodiesel - Diesel fuel produced purely from petroleum. Petrodiesel can also be referred to

as distillate diesel. 

Biodiesel Blend - A fuel comprised of a mixture of petrodiesel and B100 biodiesel. A biodiesel

blend is typically designated by the percentage of biodiesel in the blend. For example: B5 is a

fuel containing 95 percent petrodiesel and 5 percent B100. 

Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) diesel - Biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil. RME diesel is the

most common biodiesel used in Europe. 

Soy Methyl Ester (SME or SOME) diesel - Biodiesel derived from soybean oil. SME diesel is

the most common biodiesel used in the United States. 

BQ-9000 - The National Biodiesel Accreditation Program, which is called BQ-9000, is a

cooperative and voluntary program for the accreditation of producers and marketers of

biodiesel fuel. The program is a unique combination of the ASTM standard for biodiesel,

ASTM D6751, and a quality systems program that includes storage, sampling, testing,

blending, shipping, distribution, and fuel management practices. 

With increased interest in emissions and reducing the use of petroleum distillate based fuels,

many governments and regulating bodies encourage the use of biofuels, such as biodiesel.

Cummins Inc. test data on the operating effects of biodiesel fuels indicates that typically

smoke, power, and fuel economy are all reduced. There are specifications for biodiesel issued

in Europe under EN14214 and in North America under ASTM D6751. These specifications

define only the biodiesel (B100) used as the blend component with diesel fuel. They are not

applicable to fuel blends purchased by the end user. Despite the existence of these standards,

the general quality of available biodiesel remains inconsistent.

CAUTION 

To successfully use biodiesel, it is imperative that the fuel be of high quality and meet or

exceed the specifications outlined in this bulletin or engine damage will occur. 

It is the responsibility of the user to verify/obtain the proper local, regional, or national

exemptions required for the use of biodiesel in any emissions regulated Cummins® engine.

Warranty and the Use of Biodiesel Fuel in Cummins® Engines

Cummins Inc. engine warranty covers failures that are a result of defects in material or factory

workmanship. Engine damage, service issues, and/or performance issues determined by

Cummins Inc. to be caused by the use of biodiesel fuel not meeting the specifications outlined

in this Service Bulletin are not considered to be defects in material or workmanship and are

not covered under Cummins Inc. engine warranty.

Requirements for Using Biodiesel Fuel in Cummins® Engines

Cummins Inc. provides the specifications found in Table 1 for diesel fuel and biodiesel blends

up to B5. For biodiesel blends above B5 and up to B20, Cummins Inc. provides the

specifications found in Table 4. The specifications in Table 4 have been developed by the

Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), and are not an approved national or commercial

fuel standard. All biodiesel fuel blends are to be comprised of petrodiesel meeting ASTM

D975, and B100 meeting either ASTM D6751 or EN14214. Biodiesel fuel can be blended with an acceptable diesel fuel up to 5 percent volumeconcentration (B5) for all Cummins® engines.

Biodiesel fuel can be blended with an acceptable diesel fuel up to a 20 percent volume

concentration (B20) for the following Cummins® engines:

ISB CM850, ISB CM2150*, ISBe Euro 3, QSB4.5 Tier 3, and QSB6.7 Tier 3.

ISC/ISL CM850, ISC/ISL CM2150*, ISCe/ISLe Euro 3, and QSC/QSL Tier 3.

ISM CM870 and CM570, ISM CM875, ISM CM876, QSM11 Tier 3, QSM11 Marine, and

QSM11 G-Drive.

ISX CM870, ISX CM871, QSX15 Tier 3, and QSX15 G-Drive.

*For ISB CM2150 and ISC/ISL CM2150 products, Cummins Inc. requires fuel dilution

monitoring. See below for details.

For Cummins® engines in Chrysler Dodge Ram™ trucks, biodiesel fuel can be blended with

an acceptable diesel fuel up to a 20 percent volume concentration (B20) for municipal,

government, and commercial fleets only. This applies to selected model year vehicles. Please

consult Chrysler for specific requirements and approved vehicle models.

Customers choosing to run biodiesel blends above B5 and up to B20 must adhere to the

following requirements from Cummins Inc.

NOTE: For North American markets, Cummins Inc. requires that the biodiesel fuel blend be

purchased from a BQ-9000 Certified Marketer. The B100 biodiesel fuel used in the blend must

be sourced from a BQ-9000 Accredited Producer. Certified Marketers and Producers can be

found at the following website: http://www.bq-9000.org. For areas outside of North America,

consult your local Cummins Inc. representative for applicable fuel quality standards.

Oil Sampling

Fuel dilution of lubricating oil has been observed with the operation of biodiesel under certain

operating conditions. Fuel dilution monitoring can be accomplished by performing oil sampling.

Fuel levels in lubricating oil must not exceed 5 percent. Additional information on oil

contamination and oil sampling can be found in Cummins® Engine Oil Recommendations,

Bulletin 3810340. 

For ISB CM2150 and ISC/ISL CM2150 products, end users are required to use oil sampling

during the first 6 months of operation with biodiesel to monitor engine oil condition and fuel

dilution of lubricating oil in order to determine if the oil change interval needs to be modified.

Consult a Cummins® Authorized Repair Location for guidance in oil sampling. 

Fuel Water Separation

Biodiesel has a natural affinity to water, and water accelerates microbial growth. Storage tanks

must be equipped with a fuel water separator to make sure that water is stripped out before

entering the vehicle tank. Make sure that the vehicle and storage tanks are kept full to reduce

the potential for condensation accumulating in the fuel tank. 

Due to the solvent nature of biodiesel, and the potential for “cleaning” of the vehicle fuel tank

and lines, new fuel filters must be installed when switching to biodiesel on used engines. Fuel

filters will need to be replaced at half the standard interval for the next two fuel filter changes.  Cummins Inc. requires the use of a StrataPore™ fuel filter media, and strongly recommends

using Cummins Filtration™ filters equipped with StrataPore™ media. This filter media

removes water more efficiently than standard cellulosic filter media, which will not provide

adequate fuel water separation capabilities. However, even StrataPore™ fuel filter media is

not as effective in removing water from biodiesel as it is in removing water from petrodiesel.

Therefore, preventing water from entering the fuel supply (vehicle or storage) remains very

important. 

If Stratapore™ filter media is not available, a substitute synthetic filter media may be used, but

it must provide 95 percent emulsified fuel water separation efficiency per SAE J1488. This test

method must be run using B20 biodiesel, having an interfacial surface tension of 22 dyne/cm

+ or - 2 dyne/cm. The filter must meet this specification when run at the rated flow of the

engine platform's fuel system. Fuel filter gaskets must also be compatible with B20 biodiesel

blends, with performance equal to or greater than what is outlined in the Cummins Filtration™

Engineering Standard FES1544 - Seals, Static, Rubber (Supplier Requirements, Fuel

Applications). 

Cummins Filtration's™ Fuel Pro®, Diesel Pro®, Industrial Pro®, and Sea Pro® products can

be used to provide remote mounted additional fuel filtration efficiency, with integrated fuel preheaters. Consult a local Cummins® Authorized Repair Location for guidance in fuel filter

selection and installation.

 

Biodiesel Fuel Storage

Use biodiesel fuel within six months of its manufacture. Biodiesel has poor oxidation stability,

which can result in long term storage problems. For this reason, Cummins Inc. does not

recommend using biodiesel for low use applications, such as standby power or seasonal

applications. Consult your fuel supplier for oxidation stability additives. 

The poor oxidation stability qualities of biodiesel can accelerate fuel oxidation in the fuel

system, especially at increased ambient temperatures. 

 CAUTION 

Avoid storing equipment with biodiesel blends in the fuel system for more than three months

or fuel system damage can occur. 

If biodiesel is used for seasonal applications, the engine system must be purged before

storage by running the engine on pure diesel fuel for a minimum of 30 minutes. 

Care must also be taken when storing biodiesel in bulk storage tanks. All storage and handling

systems must be properly cleaned and maintained. Steps must be taken to minimize moisture

and microbial growth in storage tanks. Consult your fuel supplier for assistance in storing and

handling biodiesel. 

Energy Content

B100 biodiesel provides approximately 7% to 10% less energy per gallon of fuel when

compared to conventional diesel fuels. Operation with B20 biodiesel blends can potentially

result in a slight decrease in fuel economy and/or power, depending on the application. To

avoid engine problems when the engine is converted back to 100 percent petrodiesel, do not

change the engine rating to compensate for the potential power loss when operated with

biodiesel fuels.

 

Materials Compatibility

The engines listed in this bulletin are compatible with biodiesel blends up to B20. However,

the following must be taken into account:  Natural rubber, butyl rubber, and some types of nitrile rubber (depending on chemical

composition, construction, and application) may be particularly susceptible to degradation.

Also, copper, bronze, brass, tin, lead, and zinc can cause deposit formations. The use of

these materials and coatings should be avoided for vehicle fuel tanks and fuel lines. 

CAUTION 

Contact your vehicle manufacturer to determine if any of the OEM supplied components are at

risk with biodiesel in order to prevent engine damage. 

Low Temperature Performance

Biodiesel fuel properties change at low ambient temperatures, which can pose problems for

both storage and operation. Precautions can be necessary at low ambient temperatures, such

as storing the fuel in a heated building or a heated storage tank, or using cold temperature

additives. 

The fuel system can require heated fuel lines, filters, and tanks. Filters can plug and fuel in the

tank can solidify at low ambient temperatures if precautions are not taken. A fuel heater is

recommended for ambient temperatures below -5°C [23°F]. Consult your fuel and additive

supplier for assistance in attaining proper cloud point fuel. 

Microbial Growth

Biodiesel fuel is an excellent medium for microbial growth. Microbes cause fuel system

corrosion and premature filter plugging. The effectiveness of all commercially available

conventional anti-microbial additives, when used in biodiesel, is not known. Consult your fuel

and additive supplier for assistance. 

It is strongly recommended that customers running biodiesel blends of B5 or below follow the

above precautions as well.

Biodiesel Additives

Cummins Inc. approves the use of Cummins Filtration™ Microbicide for use in biodiesel

blends. Product details can be found in the “Additives” section of this Service Bulletin. 

Cummins Inc. approves the use of Cummins Filtration™ Asphaltene Conditioner Base for

biodiesel blends. Product details can be found in the “Additives” section of this Service

Bulletin. 

Cummins Filtration™ Biodiesel Winter Conditioner can be used to improve the pour point and

cold filter plugging point of biodiesel blend, in addition to preventing ice formation in wet fuels

during cold storage. Cummins Filtration™ Biodiesel Winter Conditioner is the only biodiesel

fuel additive approved by Cummins Inc. for winter performance improvements. Contact a

Cummins® Authorized Repair Location for product details.

 

Table 4: Final Blend Fuel Requirements (at point of delivery) 

Item Performance Characteristics Requirements Test Procedure 

    D1 Blends  D2 Blends    

1 Flash Point, °C minimum 38 52 ASTM D93 

2 Water and sediment volume %, maximum 0.05 0.05 ASTM D2709 or D1796 

3 Physical Distillation, T90 °C, maximum 343 343 ASTM D86 

4 Kinematic Viscosity, cSt at 40°C 1.3 - 4.1 1.9 - 4.1 ASTM D445 

5 Ash, mass %, maximum 0.01 0.01 ASTM D482 

6 Sulfur, st %, maximum Per regulation Per regulation ASTM D482  7 Copper strip corrosion rating, maximum Number 3 Number 3 ASTM D130 

8 Cetane Number, minimum 43 43 ASTM D613 

9 Cloud Point 1 Per foot note Per foot note ASTM D2500 

10 Ramsbottom carbon residue on 10% distillation residue, wt%, maximum 0.15 0.35 ASTM

D524 

11 Lubricity, HFRR at 60°C, micron, maximum 460 460 ASTM D6079 

12 Acid number, mgKOH/g, maximum 0.3 0.3 ASTM D664 

13 Phosphorus, wt%, maximum 0.001 0.001 ASTM D4951 

14 Total Glycerin - - - - - - N/A 

15 Alkali metals (Na+K), ppm, maximum Nd Nd EN14108 

16 Alkaline metals (Mg+Ca), ppm maximum Nd Nd EN14108 

17 Blend fraction, volume % 2 ±2% ±2% EN14078 

18 Thermo - oxidative stability, insolubles, mg/100 mL, maximum 10 10 Modified ASTM

D2274 3 

19 Oxidation stability, Induction time, hours, minimum 6 6 EN14112 (Rancimat)

 

The maximum cloud point temperature shall be equal to or lower than the tenth percentile

minimum ambient temperature in the geographical area and seasonal time frame as defined

by ASTM D975.

Blend fraction refers to the variation in volume percent of B100 in diesel fuel claimed.

Use glass fiber filter.

 

Fuel Filters

This section explains the types of fuel filters and their uses.

Cummins® engines are supplied with the latest in fuel filtration technology from Cummins

Filtration™. These systems are designed to remove water and other harmful particles from the

fuel before they damage the fuel pump and other engine components.

Throw Away Canister

The standard fuel filter is the spin-on element. These filters contain a porous, pleated,

chemically treated paper element that will pass fuel freely but trap impurities and sediment.

When the element is serviced, it is simply detached from the fuel filter head assembly,

discarded, and replaced with a new element. The element must be tightened to the

manufacturer's specifications.

NOTE: Do not pour fuel from an old fuel filter into a new filter in an effort to prime the fuel

system. Use only clean fuel to prime the fuel system. It is not necessary to add fuel to a new

filter if the engine is equipped with an electric fuel transfer pump. Fuel systems on these

engines can be primed by turning the vehicle keyswitch on and off several times to activate

the fuel transfer pump.

CAUTION 

Overtightening will distort the filter cartridge or crack the filter head. Do not use a filter element

that has been dented or damaged prior to, or during installation.  Replaceable Element Type

Another type of fuel filter used on Cummins® engines has a replaceable pleated paper

element. This type of filter is often recommended or required for use as a first stage of filtration

to provide additional water separation and/or fine particle removal.

Fuel-Water Separators

Water can enter diesel fuel at various locations along the supply chain, and becomes a

serious issue when present as free water. It contributes to corrosion, biological contamination,

and fuel system malfunctions. Entry points include:

As free water due to ingress as result of heavy rainfall or cracks in equipment 

As dissolved (emulsified) water during fuel refining or delivery (this may become free water

further down the supply chain if the fuel is cooled so much that it reaches a saturation point) 

As water vapor (moist air) through vents followed by condensation on tank walls, including

vehicle tanks. 

Water in diesel fuel is normally present as both free and emulsified water. Free water settles

to the fuel tank bottom, where it can be drained. Emulsified water stays in suspension where it

can enter the fuel lines, fuel pump, and injectors.

Free and emulsified water can be removed from the fuel. Integral fuel filter and water

separators are available that remove both free and emulsified water with varying degrees of

efficiency. The standard fuel filter does remove some free and emulsified water, but with low

efficiency. Due to the above facts and the importance of removing water from fuel for fuel

system integrity, Cummins Inc. has increased the requirements for free water and emulsified

water removal. The fuel-water separator or fuel filter and water separator combination must

remove a minimum of 95 percent of free water (per SAE J1839) and 95 percent of emulsified

water (per SAE J1488). Fuel-water separator filters produced by Cummins Filtration™ and

most other major filter manufacturers meet or exceed these requirements.

Cummins Inc. recommends that a fuel-water separator be installed on all Cummins® engines,

and strongly recommends using Cummins Filtration™ fuel-water separators that utilize

Stratapore™ filter media. These StrataPore™ filters provide high efficiency removal of harmful

particles and both free and emulsified water.

Fuel-water separators should be checked on a daily basis and drained into an appropriate

disposal container when free water is noted. If water is indicated by a water-in-fuel (WIF)

sensor, it should be drained immediately to prevent damage to the fuel system components.

Water should not be allowed to fill the bowl.

NOTE: The drained fluids (mixture of water and fuel) must be properly disposed of according

to regulations.

CAUTION  If the water level in the fuel water separator is allowed to reach the fuel filter element, water

can be forced through the filter and cause corrosion and failure of sensitive components in the

fuel system. 

Fuel Filter Maintenance

Fuel filters must be changed periodically to prevent restriction of fuel flow from the fuel tank to

the fuel pump. Fuel restriction will increase over time as sediment gets collected in the filter

media. Sediment could possibly consist of rust, dirt, dust, oxidation products, and biological

growth.

Change fuel filters as recommended by the appropriate Cummins® Owner's Manual or

Operation and Maintenance Manual. When operating under severe conditions, additional fuel

filter changes can be required. To determine if this is necessary, fuel filter restriction must be

checked. Refer to the appropriate Cummins® Service Manual for fuel filter restriction checking

procedures. After checking the restriction a few times, a maintenance schedule for fuel filter

changes can be established for each type of operation.

Fuel Cleanliness

This section explains the importance of fuel cleanliness to the successful operation of

Cummins® Engines.

Modern fuel systems have been developed to reduce emissions and fuel consumption, and

improve engine performance. These high pressure systems operate at pressures approaching

2100 bar [30,500 psi] and with component match clearances typically from 2 to 5 microns for

injectors. At these pressures, very small, hard particles are potential sources of fuel system

malfunction.

Excessive contamination of diesel fuel can cause premature clogging of diesel fuel filters

and/or premature wear of critical fuel injection system parts. Depending on the size and nature

of the particles, this can lead to:

Reduced component life 

Component malfunction 

Fuel system and/or engine failure 

Increased exhaust emissions. 

Determining fuel cleanliness requires measuring both the size and number of particles per

size class in the fuel, i.e. the particle size distribution. The International Standards

Organization (ISO) has developed a protocol for expressing the level of contamination by

coding the size distribution called ISO 4406.

ISO 4406 cleanliness codes are expressed as a series of three numbers (#/#/#), which

correspond respectively to the number of particles greater than 4, 6, and 14 microns. For

example, the numbers in the ISO 4406 rating of 18/16/13 translate to:

18 - Up to 2,500 particles larger than 4µm (per mL of fuel) 

16 - Up to 640 particles larger than 6µm (per mL of fuel) 

13 - Up to 80 particles larger than 14µm (per mL of fuel)  Engine builders and fuel injection equipment manufacturers have found that the particles

greater than 4 microns and greater than 6 microns are particularly critical to the durability of

the fuel injection system. They also recognize that the fuel systems must be robust to hard

particles smaller than 4 microns that are difficult to filter out, even with the finest filtration. To

maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of filtration, Cummins Inc. has adopted the

recommendation of the World Wide Fuel Charter that fuel supplied to engines meet the ISO

4406 code of 18/16/13 maximum for respectively 4, 6, and 14 micron particle sizes.

Cummins Inc. recommends that if the fuel does not meet the ISO cleanliness code of 18/16/13

in bulk storage, additional filtration be applied before the fuel is delivered to the equipment's

fuel tank. A Cummins® Distributor or Cummins Filtration™ representative can supply

hardware and additional filtration guidance and can recommend countermeasures such as

improved fuel quality from the fuel supplier, and/or better fuel handling, storage, dispensing,

and fuel tank cleaning techniques.

Tank Vent Filtration

Particles in the 4 to 6 micron size range require laboratory equipment to identify, yet can do

significant damage to high pressure fuel systems when the cleanliness of the fuel in the tank

exceeds the ISO 4406 code 18/16/13 maximum. Cummins Inc. recommends that all fuel tanks

be fitted with a tank vent filter (of at least 98.7 percent efficient at 10 micron) to prevent dirt

from entering the tank as the fuel level drops. One such filter is manufactured by Wiggins and

is available through your Cummins® and Cummins Filtration™ Distributor.

Stand-by and Emergency Power Generation

Engines intended to supply stand-by or emergency power present unique situations for fuel

quality and cleanliness. These engines are not used frequently, and therefore could possibly

require special considerations for fuel handling and storage.

The engine manual discusses the specific procedures for maintaining the engine in a state of

readiness. This section is concerned with the fuel supply.

Fuel tanks must be inspected and maintained to avoid contamination of the fuel by either

water or dirt. Consult with your fuel supplier for qualified persons or laboratories in your area

to help with monitoring of the fuel supply. Samples can be taken from the top, middle, and

bottom of the tank every 6 months and checked for cleanliness and biological contamination,

as well as to make sure the fuel still meets the specifications in Table 1 of this service bulletin.

Long term storage (in excess of 6 months) is not recommend

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